Entrepreneurship And Globalization: Overcoming Challenges And New Opportunities For Poland And China

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of emerging entrepreneurial initiatives in Poland and in China and to identify opportunities that arise through the promotion of entrepreneurship in an increasingly globally interconnected and interdependent world. The development of entrepreneurship occurs either as an individual or collective result of: comprehensive undertakings, strategies, training programs, specific promotional efforts such as for example creating technology parks, business incubators, replicating, coat-tailing, or simply implementing the best practices (or "benchmarking") as well as a plethora of other initiatives, inventions and industrious efforts.            In addition, by designing and developing pro-active and pro-business habits, as fostered by the recently initiated Global Entrepreneurship week, (since 2008) entrepreneurship is gaining more and more momentum and worldwide recognition and attention. At the same time, entrepreneurship also emerges through the bottom-up spontaneous initiatives of successful entrepreneurs - people who after having learned the hard way “the practice of entrepreneurship” may later on decide to devote a portion of their time and energy to teaching entrepreneurship in schools, community centers and sharing their practical experience, thereby enriching grass roots efforts.Finally, an attempt is made to sketch out some salient features and characteristics of an excellent entrepreneur; one who can be considered not just as a market leader or business hero, but as someone contributing to the success of a greater, common good of our increasingly interdependent global society

Trade and Procurement Reform in Poland and China: Responding to the Next Globalization Wave of Interdependent Economies

During the recent decades, China has achieved phenomenal economic growth - truly an unprecedented “development miracle”, as it is at times called.  Since the initiation of its reforms and an open door policy in 1978, China’s gross domestic product (GDP) has been consistently growing at an average annual rate ranging from 7-11 percent. In 2010, it has surpassed Japan and has become the world’s second-largest economy.   China's impressive sustainable economic growth coupled with pragmatic development policies and increasing integration into a global market make her a key player in the international trade arena.   China has an overall trade surplus not only with Poland and the US but also with many advanced and emerging economies of the world.  Over the period of the last decade, China’s exports and imports have been growing at a faster rate than the rate of world trade.   While China’s trade with the rest of the world has deepened, the structural and geographical patterns of its trade have also dramatically changed.  Most importantly, the share of imports by industrial countries accounted for by China has not only diversified but also has become more sophisticated.  Analysts and policy observers contend that the process of globalization will continue to accelerate and will in fact benefit China more than many other economies that are less export-oriented and less competitive.  Poland is still in the process of building a mature competitive and entrepreneurial market system, which China is in the process of perfecting.    Poland’s huge and growing trade imbalance with China is now posing an enormous challenge to the economic performance of the country buying more goods than it is capable to sell.  Sovereign debt of Poland, which also grows rapidly, poses a threat to its economy, while limited innovative solutions, such as creation of Special Economic Zones, (SEZ) are occurring at a rather slow pace in Poland in recent years.

Rights Come with Responsibilities: Personal Jurisdiction in the Age of Corporate Personhood

This Article aims to reconnect corporate rights and obligations. It argues that courts must consider the availability and exercise of corporate rights when determining whether the corporation is amenable to suit in the forum. To make this novel argument, this Article begins by documenting the rise of corporate personhood, recently culminating in Citizens United v. FEC. Part II shows how the evolution of corporations now allows for the treatment of corporations as entities that can have political rights and political obligations. Part III argues that personal jurisdiction doctrine and scholarship has not acknowledged the rise of corporate personhood. Consequently, it has unduly focused on aspects of justice and convenience while neglecting notions of political obligations. This Part asks courts and scholars to reconsider the impulses behind the personal jurisdiction’s minimum contacts factors currently in use. It suggests that the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence will be improved through the incorporation of factors into the minimum contacts analysis that probe for the political obligations of the corporate defendant. Part IV builds upon this diagnosis by asking what it would mean to take seriously the notion that corporations are persons. This Part explains the main theoretical contributions of this Article. It develops the normative foundations of the personal jurisdiction analysis so that it can be applied to corporations while acknowledging the many practical and normative differences between natural and artificial persons. Part IV utilizes conceptual frameworks from political philosophy to argue that rights and obligations are intertwined. As applied to corporations, any viable theory of political obligation must consider the rights and freedoms a state grants to corporations before determining whether the corporation is obligated to submit to the adjudicatory power of the state. The rights and protections afforded by a state must match the jurisdiction of that state over artificial or real entities with those rights and protections. Political rights imply political obligations, including submission to the jurisdiction of the right-granting state. Part V reconstructs personal jurisdiction doctrine along these lines. It uses the insights of the political obligation framework developed in Part IV to put personal jurisdiction on secure normative foundations that are attentive to the practical and legal differences between natural and artificial persons. This Part argues that a more robust understanding of corporate citizenship and corporate rights correlates with a more robust ability of the state to exercise jurisdiction over corporations. A corporation’s general enjoyment and use of political rights must make a finding of general jurisdiction more likely. Similarly, courts can use evidence of political activities that are directly and closely related to the suit at hand to justify imposition of specific jurisdiction

Books that are noteworthy

The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism, by Martin Wolf, Penguin Press, 496 pp., 2023 Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Strug-gle Over technology and Prosperity, by Daron Ace-moglu and Simon Johnson, 2023 The Avoidable War: The Dangers of a Cata-strophic Conflict between the US and Xi Jinping's China Hardcover, by Kevin Rudd, 2022 Voluntary Insurance in the Process of Service Quality Improvement Jarosław Wenancjusz Przybytniowski, Wydawnictwo Rys: Poznan, Po-land (2023). ISBN: 978-83-67287-74-

Editorial Note

This current issue of BPA Journal is also an overdue labor of love and endurance. We are still exploring both ways and means to expand the Regional Editors. We have lost our China Editor, who accepted a fulltime position at a major university. We are actively seeking a replacement. Our other major goals include: grow more active readership and contributions from policy makers, professionals and aspiring academics

Books That Are Noteworthy

Review of two books:Modernizing China Investing in Soft Infrastructure by Raphael W Lam, Markus Rodlauer, and Alfred Schipke , 2017, pp.372, ISBN 9781513539942, IMF.Cybersecurity Leadership: Powering the Modern Organization, by Mansur Hasib, 2014, pp. 174, published by Tomorrow Strategy Today, LLC, ISBN: 1502312115

In memoriam: Bernard T. Pitsvada, Ph.D.

A remarkable man and a true friend, and mentor passed away on May 9, 2014.  Dr. Bernard T. Pitsvada was a man of many dimensions, and he excelled in each.  He was born in Burlington, New Jersey in 1933, and attended Temple University in Philadelphia, but he spent his whole adult life in the service of the United States government.  He started out by serving 3 years in the Army (Intelligence) in Japan and Korea.  He became interested in the business of governing, and when he got out of the Army he obtained a Ph.D. in Government at American University in 1972.  Dr. Pitsvada spent thirty years in the Defense Department, mostly in the Office of the Comptroller.  Bernie was a master of the strategies and techniques of public finance, but also a noted expert on the broader issues of U. S. foreign policy, and was the author of highly regarded books on both subjects

Editorial

As we enter the New Year and the new decade the current issue of Business and Public Administration Studies (bpastudies.org) provides an expanded range of topics and some welcome new authors.  We start with the tourism piece written by an intently and passionately ambitious student of tourism at the Hainan University.  I had a joy and a privilege of teaching at the Hainan Island in Haikou last summer, 2019.Hainan is the southernmost province of China and is also the smallest in terms of land area.  Until 1988 it was part of Guangdong province. I invited all of my many students (there where three cohorts of some 30 plus students in each) to submit their papers for review and possible publication.  Only one responded and I congratulate him for his efforts.

Editorial Note

This current issue of the Business and Public Administration Studies introduces new Contributing Editors and new authors joining our Journal Committee as Board Members. Professor Billy Mae comes from White House and the Georgetown University teaching in the nation’s capital, of Washington DC. He has been actively helping promoting and marketing the Journal. Additionally, another welcome contributors are Dr. Marco Pani and Professor Frederic Sautet. The Journal introduces also an article by a dynamic young scholar Sergio Martinez Cotto. His article grew out of his final thesis